Cite report
IEA (2020), Coal 2020, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-2020, Licence: CC BY 4.0
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Annex
Data tables
Coal demand (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
5 650 |
5 720 |
5 597 |
5 718 |
-2.1% |
2.2% |
|
China |
3 793 |
3 834 |
3 814 |
3 875 |
-0.5% |
1.6% |
|
India |
997 |
979 |
911 |
946 |
-6.9% |
3.8% |
|
Japan |
183 |
184 |
170 |
171 |
-7.3% |
0.5% |
|
Southeast Asia |
292 |
332 |
335 |
357 |
0.8% |
6.6% |
|
North America |
670 |
583 |
478 |
526 |
-17.9% |
10.0% |
|
United States |
619 |
532 |
438 |
487 |
-17.7% |
11.1% |
|
Central and South America |
52 |
53 |
46 |
45 |
-13.0% |
-1.7% |
|
Europe |
799 |
693 |
588 |
602 |
-15.1% |
2.3% |
|
European Union |
595 |
484 |
386 |
400 |
-20.2% |
3.5% |
|
Middle East |
13 |
13 |
11 |
10 |
-18.1% |
-12.8% |
|
Eurasia |
372 |
368 |
340 |
345 |
-7.7% |
1.5% |
|
Russia |
230 |
230 |
214 |
217 |
-6.6% |
1.3% |
|
Africa |
210 |
197 |
183 |
187 |
-7.3% |
2.3% |
|
World |
7 766 |
7 627 |
7 243 |
7 432 |
-5.0% |
2.6% |
Notes: Mt = million tonnes. Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite demand (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
4 819 |
4 853 |
4 743 |
4 839 |
-2.3% |
2.0% |
|
China |
3 135 |
3 143 |
3 107 |
3 161 |
-1.1% |
1.8% |
|
India |
930 |
913 |
859 |
882 |
-5.9% |
2.6% |
|
Japan |
137 |
138 |
133 |
131 |
-3.2% |
-1.6% |
|
Southeast Asia |
281 |
318 |
322 |
343 |
1.2% |
6.5% |
|
North America |
644 |
558 |
457 |
503 |
-18.1% |
10.2% |
|
United States |
601 |
515 |
424 |
471 |
-17.7% |
11.3% |
|
Central and South America |
36 |
38 |
33 |
31 |
-13.8% |
-5.8% |
|
Europe |
721 |
621 |
525 |
532 |
-15.6% |
1.4% |
|
European Union |
529 |
425 |
336 |
344 |
-21.0% |
2.5% |
|
Middle East |
9 |
9 |
7 |
6 |
-23.5% |
-21.2% |
|
Eurasia |
284 |
273 |
254 |
254 |
-7.0% |
0.0% |
|
Russia |
161 |
156 |
147 |
146 |
-5.8% |
-0.4% |
|
Africa |
205 |
193 |
179 |
183 |
-7.2% |
2.2% |
|
World |
6 720 |
6 547 |
6 198 |
6 348 |
-5.3% |
2.4% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Metallurgical coal demand (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
831 |
866 |
855 |
879 |
-1.3% |
2.9% |
|
China |
657 |
691 |
708 |
714 |
2.4% |
0.8% |
|
India |
67 |
66 |
52 |
64 |
-20.2% |
22.7% |
|
Japan |
46 |
46 |
37 |
40 |
-19.6% |
8.1% |
|
Southeast Asia |
11 |
14 |
13 |
15 |
-6.4% |
9.4% |
|
North America |
26 |
25 |
21 |
23 |
-15.0% |
7.1% |
|
United States |
18 |
17 |
14 |
15 |
-15.8% |
6.6% |
|
Central and South America |
16 |
15 |
13 |
14 |
-11.1% |
8.6% |
|
Europe |
77 |
71 |
63 |
70 |
-11.4% |
10.1% |
|
European Union |
66 |
59 |
51 |
56 |
-14.2% |
9.8% |
|
Middle East |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
-5.2% |
3.4% |
|
Eurasia |
88 |
95 |
86 |
91 |
-9.5% |
5.9% |
|
Russia |
69 |
74 |
68 |
71 |
-8.5% |
5.0% |
|
Africa |
5 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
-12.3% |
8.6% |
|
World |
1 047 |
1 080 |
1 045 |
1 084 |
-3.2% |
3.7% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal production (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
5 538 |
5 779 |
5 592 |
5 662 |
-3.2% |
1.2% |
|
China |
3 549 |
3 693 |
3 690 |
3 685 |
-0.1% |
-0.1% |
|
India |
790 |
783 |
743 |
771 |
-5.1% |
3.7% |
|
Australia |
489 |
505 |
459 |
476 |
-9.1% |
3.7% |
|
Indonesia |
548 |
616 |
529 |
545 |
-14.2% |
3.0% |
|
North America |
759 |
709 |
556 |
604 |
-21.6% |
8.5% |
|
United States |
686 |
640 |
491 |
539 |
-23.3% |
9.9% |
|
Central and South America |
92 |
90 |
65 |
62 |
-28.2% |
-3.4% |
|
Europe |
594 |
535 |
450 |
461 |
-15.9% |
2.5% |
|
European Union |
441 |
373 |
297 |
308 |
-20.5% |
4.0% |
|
Middle East |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
-7.5% |
6.6% |
|
Eurasia |
573 |
569 |
525 |
529 |
-7.8% |
0.9% |
|
Russia |
430 |
430 |
394 |
397 |
-8.3% |
0.6% |
|
Africa |
276 |
268 |
248 |
254 |
-7.5% |
2.2% |
|
World |
7 833 |
7 953 |
7 438 |
7 575 |
-6.5% |
1.8% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite production (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
4 731 |
4 937 |
4 780 |
4 826 |
-3.2% |
0.9% |
|
China |
2 961 |
3 081 |
3 086 |
3 074 |
0.1% |
-0.4% |
|
India |
782 |
777 |
737 |
765 |
-5.1% |
3.7% |
|
Australia |
311 |
318 |
290 |
293 |
-8.9% |
1.0% |
|
Indonesia |
543 |
610 |
523 |
538 |
-14.4% |
3.0% |
|
North America |
648 |
604 |
469 |
514 |
-22.4% |
9.7% |
|
United States |
612 |
572 |
439 |
487 |
-23.2% |
10.8% |
|
Central and South America |
86 |
85 |
61 |
57 |
-28.7% |
-5.8% |
|
Europe |
578 |
520 |
439 |
449 |
-15.7% |
2.4% |
|
European Union |
425 |
359 |
286 |
297 |
-20.4% |
3.9% |
|
Middle East |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-31.3% |
40.0% |
|
Eurasia |
463 |
451 |
419 |
418 |
-7.1% |
-0.4% |
|
Russia |
330 |
322 |
297 |
294 |
-8.0% |
-1.0% |
|
Africa |
265 |
260 |
241 |
245 |
-7.1% |
1.8% |
|
World |
6 771 |
6 857 |
6 409 |
6 509 |
-6.5% |
1.6% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Metallurgical coal production (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
808 |
843 |
812 |
836 |
-3.6% |
3.0% |
|
China |
588 |
612 |
605 |
611 |
-1.1% |
1.0% |
|
India |
8 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
-5.0% |
4.0% |
|
Australia |
178 |
187 |
170 |
183 |
-9.4% |
8.1% |
|
Indonesia |
5 |
6 |
6 |
7 |
6.3% |
7.0% |
|
North America |
111 |
106 |
88 |
90 |
-17.0% |
2.1% |
|
United States |
74 |
68 |
51 |
53 |
-24.2% |
2.7% |
|
Central and South America |
6 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
-20.4% |
32.9% |
|
Europe |
16 |
15 |
12 |
12 |
-22.2% |
6.2% |
|
European Union |
16 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
-23.3% |
6.4% |
|
Middle East |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
-5.0% |
4.0% |
|
Eurasia |
109 |
118 |
105 |
112 |
-10.3% |
6.1% |
|
Russia |
100 |
108 |
98 |
103 |
-9.3% |
5.5% |
|
Africa |
11 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
-19.3% |
18.7% |
|
World |
1 062 |
1 096 |
1 029 |
1 066 |
-6.1% |
3.5% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal imports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe |
209 |
175 |
144 |
149 |
-17.7% |
3.2% |
|
Japan |
189 |
186 |
170 |
171 |
-8.9% |
0.6% |
|
Korea |
136 |
130 |
118 |
113 |
-9.7% |
-4.2% |
|
Chinese Taipei |
67 |
67 |
60 |
60 |
-10.5% |
-1.5% |
|
China |
292 |
308 |
292 |
291 |
-5.3% |
-0.3% |
|
India |
227 |
249 |
208 |
220 |
-16.6% |
5.9% |
|
Southeast Asia |
115 |
139 |
146 |
156 |
5.0% |
7.1% |
|
Rest of world |
169 |
176 |
163 |
164 |
-7.8% |
1.0% |
|
World |
1 404 |
1 432 |
1 300 |
1 323 |
-9.2% |
1.8% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite imports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe |
145 |
115 |
90 |
89 |
-21.4% |
-1.3% |
|
Japan |
142 |
140 |
133 |
131 |
-5.4% |
-1.6% |
|
Korea |
99 |
93 |
84 |
78 |
-10.2% |
-7.0% |
|
Chinese Taipei |
58 |
59 |
53 |
51 |
-10.0% |
-3.0% |
|
China |
222 |
227 |
208 |
207 |
-8.3% |
-0.3% |
|
India |
167 |
188 |
157 |
162 |
-16.6% |
3.4% |
|
Southeast Asia |
105 |
124 |
131 |
141 |
5.5% |
7.4% |
|
Rest of world |
135 |
143 |
131 |
131 |
-8.5% |
0.4% |
|
World |
1 073 |
1 090 |
987 |
991 |
-9.4% |
0.4% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Metallurgical coal imports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe |
64 |
60 |
54 |
60 |
-10.7% |
10.6% |
|
Japan |
47 |
46 |
37 |
40 |
-19.6% |
8.5% |
|
Korea |
36 |
37 |
34 |
35 |
-8.2% |
2.9% |
|
China |
70 |
81 |
84 |
84 |
3.0% |
0.0% |
|
India |
60 |
62 |
51 |
58 |
-16.8% |
13.5% |
|
Rest of world |
54 |
56 |
53 |
56 |
-4.6% |
4.6% |
|
World |
331 |
342 |
313 |
332 |
-8.5% |
6.1% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal exports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia |
387 |
395 |
366 |
385 |
-7.5% |
5.3% |
|
Canada |
34 |
36 |
36 |
35 |
-1.8% |
-2.4% |
|
Colombia |
84 |
72 |
58 |
52 |
-19.5% |
-10.2% |
|
Indonesia |
434 |
455 |
404 |
410 |
-11.2% |
1.5% |
|
Russia |
210 |
217 |
207 |
207 |
-4.5% |
-0.2% |
|
South Africa |
82 |
81 |
75 |
76 |
-6.6% |
0.8% |
|
United States |
105 |
84 |
59 |
59 |
-30.5% |
0.0% |
|
Rest of world |
99 |
105 |
88 |
100 |
-16.0% |
13.3% |
|
World |
1 434 |
1 445 |
1 292 |
1 323 |
-10.6% |
2.4% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite exports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia |
208 |
213 |
199 |
205 |
-6.5% |
3.0% |
|
Colombia |
82 |
69 |
56 |
49 |
-19.3% |
-12.4% |
|
Indonesia |
429 |
449 |
398 |
404 |
-11.4% |
1.4% |
|
Russia |
175 |
184 |
177 |
175 |
-3.9% |
-1.4% |
|
South Africa |
81 |
79 |
74 |
75 |
-6.4% |
0.6% |
|
United States |
48 |
33 |
21 |
21 |
-37.0% |
-2.1% |
|
Rest of world |
59 |
64 |
58 |
63 |
-10.2% |
9.8% |
|
World |
1 081 |
1 093 |
983 |
991 |
-10.0% |
0.8% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Metallurgical coal exports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia |
179 |
182 |
167 |
180 |
-8.7% |
8.1% |
|
Canada |
33 |
34 |
33 |
33 |
-5.3% |
1.0% |
|
Mongolia |
27 |
30 |
26 |
29 |
-15.6% |
14.3% |
|
Mozambique |
7 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
-27.4% |
25.5% |
|
Russia |
35 |
33 |
30 |
32 |
-7.6% |
6.5% |
|
United States |
57 |
51 |
38 |
38 |
-26.2% |
1.2% |
|
Rest of world |
15 |
17 |
13 |
15 |
-20.8% |
15.5% |
|
World |
352 |
352 |
309 |
332 |
-12.2% |
7.4% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal demand (Mtce), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
4 083 |
4 171 |
4 087 |
4 176 |
-2.0% |
2.2% |
|
China |
2 844 |
2 889 |
2 877 |
2 922 |
-0.4% |
1.6% |
|
India |
575 |
575 |
533 |
556 |
-7.3% |
4.4% |
|
Japan |
162 |
163 |
150 |
152 |
-7.7% |
0.7% |
|
Southeast Asia |
215 |
250 |
253 |
270 |
0.9% |
6.7% |
|
North America |
496 |
436 |
357 |
394 |
-18.0% |
10.1% |
|
United States |
459 |
399 |
329 |
365 |
-17.7% |
11.1% |
|
Central and South America |
45 |
46 |
40 |
40 |
-12.6% |
-0.8% |
|
Europe |
392 |
334 |
286 |
294 |
-14.6% |
2.9% |
|
European Union |
302 |
246 |
200 |
207 |
-19.0% |
3.5% |
|
Middle East |
12 |
12 |
10 |
9 |
-17.6% |
-12.0% |
|
Eurasia |
273 |
271 |
249 |
254 |
-8.2% |
2.0% |
|
Russia |
173 |
173 |
161 |
164 |
-6.9% |
1.9% |
|
Africa |
161 |
151 |
140 |
143 |
-7.3% |
2.4% |
|
World |
5 462 |
5 421 |
5 168 |
5 308 |
-4.7% |
2.7% |
Notes: Mtce = million tonnes of coal equivalent. Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite demand (Mtce), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
3 346 |
3 401 |
3 327 |
3 394 |
-2.2% |
2.0% |
|
China |
2 265 |
2 279 |
2 252 |
2 292 |
-1.2% |
1.8% |
|
India |
519 |
519 |
488 |
502 |
-5.9% |
2.7% |
|
Japan |
117 |
119 |
115 |
113 |
-3.2% |
-1.6% |
|
Southeast Asia |
205 |
237 |
240 |
256 |
1.4% |
6.6% |
|
North America |
468 |
409 |
335 |
369 |
-18.2% |
10.3% |
|
United States |
440 |
380 |
313 |
348 |
-17.8% |
11.3% |
|
Central and South America |
29 |
30 |
26 |
25 |
-13.3% |
-5.7% |
|
Europe |
316 |
264 |
223 |
225 |
-15.5% |
0.8% |
|
European Union |
238 |
188 |
149 |
151 |
-20.5% |
1.3% |
|
Middle East |
8 |
8 |
6 |
5 |
-23.4% |
-21.0% |
|
Eurasia |
188 |
179 |
165 |
165 |
-7.5% |
0.0% |
|
Russia |
107 |
101 |
95 |
95 |
-5.8% |
-0.2% |
|
Africa |
157 |
146 |
136 |
139 |
-7.1% |
2.2% |
|
World |
4 511 |
4 437 |
4 219 |
4 322 |
-4.9% |
2.5% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Metallurgical coal demand (Mtce), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
737 |
771 |
760 |
782 |
-1.5% |
2.9% |
|
China |
579 |
610 |
624 |
630 |
2.3% |
0.9% |
|
India |
56 |
55 |
44 |
54 |
-20.2% |
22.8% |
|
Japan |
44 |
44 |
36 |
39 |
-19.6% |
8.2% |
|
Southeast Asia |
11 |
14 |
13 |
14 |
-6.4% |
9.5% |
|
North America |
27 |
27 |
23 |
24 |
-15.1% |
7.1% |
|
United States |
19 |
19 |
16 |
17 |
-15.8% |
6.7% |
|
Central and South America |
17 |
15 |
14 |
15 |
-11.0% |
8.6% |
|
Europe |
76 |
71 |
63 |
69 |
-11.4% |
10.1% |
|
European Union |
65 |
59 |
50 |
55 |
-14.2% |
9.9% |
|
Middle East |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
-5.2% |
3.4% |
|
Eurasia |
85 |
92 |
84 |
89 |
-9.5% |
6.0% |
|
Russia |
66 |
72 |
66 |
69 |
-8.5% |
5.1% |
|
Africa |
5 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
-12.4% |
8.8% |
|
World |
951 |
984 |
949 |
986 |
-3.5% |
3.9% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal production (Mtce), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
4 015 |
4 190 |
4 050 |
4 102 |
-3.3% |
1.3% |
|
China |
2 657 |
2 753 |
2 750 |
2 747 |
-0.1% |
-0.1% |
|
India |
416 |
410 |
389 |
404 |
-5.1% |
3.8% |
|
Australia |
414 |
430 |
390 |
406 |
-9.3% |
4.3% |
|
Indonesia |
411 |
460 |
395 |
407 |
-14.1% |
3.0% |
|
North America |
581 |
545 |
426 |
462 |
-21.7% |
8.4% |
|
United States |
527 |
492 |
376 |
413 |
-23.5% |
9.7% |
|
Central and South America |
83 |
81 |
58 |
56 |
-28.1% |
-3.6% |
|
Europe |
212 |
189 |
158 |
162 |
-16.6% |
2.7% |
|
European Union |
168 |
144 |
115 |
119 |
-19.9% |
3.6% |
|
Middle East |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
-7.3% |
6.3% |
|
Eurasia |
444 |
440 |
406 |
411 |
-7.6% |
1.2% |
|
Russia |
348 |
347 |
321 |
324 |
-7.6% |
0.9% |
|
Africa |
225 |
217 |
201 |
206 |
-7.6% |
2.4% |
|
World |
5 562 |
5 663 |
5 301 |
5 400 |
-6.4% |
1.9% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite production (Mtce), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
3 288 |
3 432 |
3 321 |
3 350 |
-3.2% |
0.9% |
|
China |
2 140 |
2 217 |
2 220 |
2 212 |
0.1% |
-0.4% |
|
India |
410 |
406 |
385 |
400 |
-5.1% |
3.8% |
|
Australia |
241 |
248 |
225 |
229 |
-9.2% |
1.5% |
|
Indonesia |
406 |
454 |
389 |
401 |
-14.4% |
3.0% |
|
North America |
477 |
446 |
345 |
379 |
-22.6% |
9.9% |
|
United States |
455 |
426 |
327 |
362 |
-23.4% |
10.8% |
|
Central and South America |
78 |
76 |
54 |
51 |
-28.6% |
-6.1% |
|
Europe |
196 |
174 |
146 |
150 |
-16.1% |
2.4% |
|
European Union |
152 |
130 |
105 |
108 |
-19.5% |
3.3% |
|
Middle East |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-31.3% |
40.0% |
|
Eurasia |
338 |
327 |
305 |
304 |
-6.6% |
-0.5% |
|
Russia |
252 |
244 |
227 |
225 |
-6.8% |
-1.0% |
|
Africa |
214 |
209 |
194 |
197 |
-7.1% |
1.8% |
|
World |
4 591 |
4 664 |
4 366 |
4 431 |
-6.4% |
1.5% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Metallurgical coal production (Mtce), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
728 |
758 |
729 |
752 |
-3.8% |
3.1% |
|
China |
517 |
536 |
530 |
535 |
-1.1% |
1.0% |
|
India |
6 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
-5.0% |
3.9% |
|
Australia |
173 |
182 |
165 |
178 |
-9.4% |
8.1% |
|
Indonesia |
5 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6.3% |
7.0% |
|
North America |
104 |
98 |
81 |
83 |
-17.7% |
2.2% |
|
United States |
72 |
66 |
50 |
51 |
-24.4% |
2.7% |
|
Central and South America |
5 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
-20.4% |
32.9% |
|
Europe |
16 |
15 |
12 |
12 |
-22.3% |
6.2% |
|
European Union |
16 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
-23.4% |
6.3% |
|
Middle East |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
-5.0% |
3.9% |
|
Eurasia |
105 |
113 |
101 |
107 |
-10.6% |
6.2% |
|
Russia |
97 |
103 |
93 |
99 |
-9.6% |
5.6% |
|
Africa |
11 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
-19.3% |
18.4% |
|
World |
971 |
999 |
935 |
969 |
-6.4% |
3.6% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Seaborne coal imports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe |
183 |
144 |
120 |
124 |
-16.6% |
2.9% |
|
Japan |
189 |
186 |
170 |
171 |
-8.9% |
0.6% |
|
Korea |
136 |
130 |
118 |
113 |
-9.7% |
-4.2% |
|
Chinese Taipei |
67 |
67 |
60 |
60 |
-10.5% |
-1.5% |
|
China |
260 |
273 |
261 |
257 |
-4.3% |
-1.8% |
|
India |
227 |
249 |
208 |
220 |
-16.6% |
5.9% |
|
Southeast Asia |
115 |
139 |
146 |
156 |
5.0% |
7.1% |
|
Rest of world |
110 |
126 |
117 |
118 |
-7.3% |
0.8% |
|
World |
1 286 |
1 316 |
1 200 |
1 218 |
-8.8% |
1.5% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Seaborne thermal coal and lignite imports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe |
120 |
85 |
67 |
65 |
-20.8% |
-3.3% |
|
Japan |
142 |
140 |
133 |
131 |
-5.4% |
-1.6% |
|
Korea |
99 |
93 |
84 |
78 |
-10.2% |
-7.0% |
|
Chinese Taipei |
58 |
59 |
53 |
51 |
-10.0% |
-3.0% |
|
China |
217 |
222 |
203 |
202 |
-8.5% |
-0.4% |
|
India |
167 |
188 |
157 |
162 |
-16.6% |
3.4% |
|
Southeast Asia |
105 |
124 |
131 |
141 |
5.5% |
7.4% |
|
Rest of world |
93 |
104 |
96 |
96 |
-7.6% |
0.0% |
|
World |
1 001 |
1 016 |
924 |
927 |
-9.0% |
0.2% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Seaborne metallurgical coal imports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe |
63 |
60 |
53 |
59 |
-10.7% |
10.6% |
|
Japan |
47 |
46 |
37 |
40 |
-19.6% |
8.5% |
|
Korea |
36 |
37 |
34 |
35 |
-8.2% |
2.9% |
|
China |
43 |
51 |
58 |
54 |
13.9% |
-6.4% |
|
India |
60 |
62 |
51 |
58 |
-16.8% |
13.5% |
|
Rest of world |
36 |
45 |
42 |
45 |
-5.2% |
5.3% |
|
World |
285 |
300 |
276 |
291 |
-8.0% |
5.5% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Seaborne coal exports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia |
387 |
395 |
366 |
385 |
-7.5% |
5.3% |
|
Canada |
33 |
36 |
35 |
34 |
-1.8% |
-2.4% |
|
Colombia |
84 |
72 |
58 |
52 |
-19.5% |
-10.2% |
|
Indonesia |
434 |
455 |
404 |
410 |
-11.2% |
1.5% |
|
Russia |
163 |
171 |
172 |
170 |
0.3% |
-0.9% |
|
South Africa |
82 |
81 |
75 |
76 |
-6.6% |
0.8% |
|
United States |
95 |
77 |
53 |
53 |
-31.1% |
-0.2% |
|
Rest of world |
40 |
45 |
29 |
37 |
-35.3% |
26.9% |
|
World |
1 317 |
1 331 |
1 191 |
1 217 |
-10.5% |
2.1% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Seaborne thermal coal and lignite exports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia |
208 |
213 |
199 |
205 |
-6.5% |
3.0% |
|
Colombia |
82 |
69 |
56 |
49 |
-19.3% |
-12.4% |
|
Indonesia |
429 |
449 |
398 |
404 |
-11.4% |
1.4% |
|
Russia |
141 |
145 |
148 |
144 |
2.1% |
-2.4% |
|
South Africa |
81 |
79 |
74 |
75 |
-6.4% |
0.6% |
|
United States |
43 |
31 |
20 |
19 |
-35.7% |
-1.7% |
|
Rest of world |
28 |
35 |
26 |
30 |
-27.0% |
18.2% |
|
World |
1 011 |
1 021 |
920 |
927 |
-9.9% |
0.7% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Seaborne metallurgical coal exports (Mt), 2018-2021
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2019-2020 |
2020-2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia |
179 |
182 |
167 |
180 |
-8.7% |
8.1% |
|
Canada |
32 |
34 |
32 |
32 |
-5.4% |
1.0% |
|
Mozambique |
7 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
-27.4% |
25.5% |
|
Russia |
22 |
27 |
24 |
26 |
-9.1% |
7.9% |
|
United States |
52 |
47 |
34 |
34 |
-28.1% |
0.6% |
|
Rest of world |
14 |
15 |
11 |
14 |
-27.0% |
23.8% |
|
World |
307 |
310 |
271 |
290 |
-12.5% |
7.2% |
Notes: Data for 2018 and 2019 are from IEA statistics; 2019 are preliminary; 2020 are estimated; 2021 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal demand (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
5 650 |
5 718 |
5 896 |
0.4% |
0.8% |
|
China |
3 793 |
3 875 |
3 880 |
0.7% |
0.0% |
|
India |
997 |
946 |
1 068 |
-1.7% |
3.1% |
|
Japan |
183 |
171 |
166 |
-2.2% |
-0.7% |
|
Southeast Asia |
292 |
357 |
415 |
7.0% |
3.8% |
|
North America |
670 |
526 |
394 |
-7.8% |
-7.0% |
|
United States |
619 |
487 |
368 |
-7.7% |
-6.8% |
|
Central and South America |
52 |
45 |
41 |
-4.8% |
-2.4% |
|
Europe |
799 |
602 |
519 |
-9.0% |
-3.6% |
|
European Union |
595 |
400 |
302 |
-12.4% |
-6.8% |
|
Middle East |
13 |
10 |
18 |
-10.2% |
17.9% |
|
Eurasia |
372 |
345 |
345 |
-2.5% |
0.0% |
|
Russia |
230 |
217 |
210 |
-1.9% |
-0.8% |
|
Africa |
210 |
187 |
195 |
-3.7% |
1.1% |
|
World |
7 766 |
7 432 |
7 409 |
-1.5% |
-0.1% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. CAAGR = compound average annual growth rate. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite demand (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
4 819 |
4 839 |
5 074 |
0.1% |
1.2% |
|
China |
3 135 |
3 161 |
3 231 |
0.3% |
0.5% |
|
India |
930 |
882 |
995 |
-1.8% |
3.1% |
|
Japan |
137 |
131 |
128 |
-1.4% |
-0.6% |
|
Southeast Asia |
281 |
343 |
396 |
6.9% |
3.7% |
|
North America |
644 |
503 |
372 |
-7.9% |
-7.3% |
|
United States |
601 |
471 |
353 |
-7.8% |
-7.0% |
|
Central and South America |
36 |
31 |
27 |
-5.0% |
-3.4% |
|
Europe |
721 |
532 |
463 |
-9.7% |
-3.4% |
|
European Union |
529 |
344 |
259 |
-13.4% |
-6.8% |
|
Middle East |
9 |
6 |
13 |
-15.5% |
24.1% |
|
Eurasia |
284 |
254 |
256 |
-3.6% |
0.2% |
|
Russia |
161 |
146 |
141 |
-3.2% |
-0.9% |
|
Africa |
205 |
183 |
190 |
-3.7% |
1.0% |
|
World |
6 720 |
6 348 |
6 396 |
-1.9% |
0.2% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Metallurgical coal demand (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
831 |
879 |
823 |
1.9% |
-1.6% |
|
China |
657 |
714 |
649 |
2.8% |
-2.4% |
|
India |
67 |
64 |
73 |
-1.2% |
3.3% |
|
Japan |
46 |
40 |
38 |
-4.7% |
-1.3% |
|
Southeast Asia |
11 |
15 |
18 |
10.4% |
5.3% |
|
North America |
26 |
23 |
22 |
-4.3% |
-0.8% |
|
United States |
18 |
15 |
14 |
-4.5% |
-1.7% |
|
Central and South America |
16 |
14 |
14 |
-4.2% |
-0.3% |
|
Europe |
77 |
70 |
56 |
-3.4% |
-5.3% |
|
European Union |
66 |
56 |
43 |
-5.2% |
-6.5% |
|
Middle East |
4 |
4 |
5 |
0.7% |
6.6% |
|
Eurasia |
88 |
91 |
89 |
1.0% |
-0.5% |
|
Russia |
69 |
71 |
69 |
1.1% |
-0.7% |
|
Africa |
5 |
4 |
5 |
-5.9% |
3.4% |
|
World |
1 047 |
1 084 |
1 013 |
1.2% |
-1.7% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal production (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
5 538 |
5 662 |
5 671 |
0.7% |
0.0% |
|
China |
3 549 |
3 685 |
3 633 |
1.3% |
-0.4% |
|
India |
790 |
771 |
850 |
-0.8% |
2.5% |
|
Australia |
489 |
476 |
457 |
-0.9% |
-1.0% |
|
Indonesia |
548 |
545 |
542 |
-0.2% |
-0.1% |
|
North America |
759 |
604 |
467 |
-7.3% |
-6.2% |
|
United States |
686 |
539 |
416 |
-7.7% |
-6.3% |
|
Central and South America |
92 |
62 |
65 |
-12.1% |
0.8% |
|
Europe |
594 |
461 |
410 |
-8.1% |
-2.9% |
|
European Union |
441 |
308 |
243 |
-11.2% |
-5.7% |
|
Middle East |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0.8% |
0.0% |
|
Eurasia |
573 |
529 |
530 |
-2.6% |
0.0% |
|
Russia |
430 |
397 |
392 |
-2.7% |
-0.3% |
|
Africa |
276 |
254 |
264 |
-2.7% |
1.0% |
|
World |
7 833 |
7 575 |
7 409 |
-1.1% |
-0.6% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite production (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
4 731 |
4 826 |
4 876 |
0.7% |
0.3% |
|
China |
2 961 |
3 074 |
3 046 |
1.3% |
-0.2% |
|
India |
782 |
765 |
844 |
-0.7% |
2.5% |
|
Australia |
311 |
293 |
291 |
-2.0% |
-0.2% |
|
Indonesia |
543 |
538 |
535 |
-0.3% |
-0.1% |
|
North America |
648 |
514 |
384 |
-7.4% |
-7.0% |
|
United States |
612 |
487 |
367 |
-7.4% |
-6.8% |
|
Central and South America |
86 |
57 |
60 |
-12.9% |
1.2% |
|
Europe |
578 |
449 |
399 |
-8.1% |
-2.9% |
|
European Union |
425 |
297 |
233 |
-11.3% |
-5.9% |
|
Middle East |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-1.3% |
0.0% |
|
Eurasia |
463 |
418 |
420 |
-3.4% |
0.2% |
|
Russia |
330 |
294 |
292 |
-3.8% |
-0.1% |
|
Africa |
265 |
245 |
255 |
-2.5% |
1.0% |
|
World |
6 771 |
6 509 |
6 395 |
-1.3% |
-0.4% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Metallurgical coal production (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia Pacific |
808 |
836 |
794 |
1.2% |
-1.3% |
|
China |
588 |
611 |
587 |
1.3% |
-1.0% |
|
India |
8 |
6 |
6 |
-7.5% |
0.0% |
|
Australia |
178 |
183 |
166 |
1.0% |
-2.4% |
|
Indonesia |
5 |
7 |
7 |
8.5% |
0.4% |
|
North America |
111 |
90 |
84 |
-6.8% |
-1.7% |
|
United States |
74 |
53 |
49 |
-10.6% |
-1.6% |
|
Central and South America |
6 |
5 |
5 |
-1.0% |
-3.2% |
|
Europe |
16 |
12 |
11 |
-8.9% |
-2.7% |
|
European Union |
16 |
12 |
10 |
-9.9% |
-2.9% |
|
Middle East |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1.0% |
0.0% |
|
Eurasia |
109 |
112 |
110 |
0.8% |
-0.5% |
|
Russia |
100 |
103 |
100 |
0.9% |
-0.6% |
|
Africa |
11 |
8 |
8 |
-9.2% |
-0.2% |
|
World |
1 062 |
1 066 |
1 014 |
0.1% |
-1.2% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal imports (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe |
209 |
149 |
116 |
-10.7% |
-6.1% |
|
Japan |
189 |
171 |
166 |
-3.4% |
-0.7% |
|
Korea |
136 |
113 |
106 |
-6.0% |
-1.6% |
|
Chinese Taipei |
67 |
60 |
59 |
-3.6% |
-0.1% |
|
China |
292 |
291 |
251 |
-0.1% |
-3.6% |
|
India |
227 |
220 |
218 |
-1.1% |
-0.2% |
|
Southeast Asia |
115 |
156 |
177 |
10.6% |
3.2% |
|
Rest of world |
169 |
164 |
178 |
-1.0% |
2.0% |
|
World |
1 404 |
1 323 |
1 271 |
-2.0% |
-1.0% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite imports (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe |
145 |
89 |
68 |
-14.9% |
-6.7% |
|
Japan |
142 |
131 |
128 |
-2.9% |
-0.6% |
|
Korea |
99 |
78 |
74 |
-7.8% |
-1.3% |
|
Chinese Taipei |
58 |
51 |
49 |
-3.7% |
-1.0% |
|
China |
222 |
207 |
190 |
-2.2% |
-2.2% |
|
India |
167 |
162 |
151 |
-1.1% |
-1.7% |
|
Southeast Asia |
105 |
141 |
160 |
10.5% |
3.2% |
|
Rest of world |
135 |
131 |
143 |
-0.9% |
2.2% |
|
World |
1 073 |
991 |
962 |
-2.6% |
-0.7% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Metallurgical coal imports (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe |
64 |
60 |
48 |
-2.2% |
-5.1% |
|
Japan |
47 |
40 |
38 |
-4.9% |
-1.3% |
|
Korea |
36 |
35 |
32 |
-1.4% |
-2.2% |
|
China |
70 |
84 |
62 |
6.1% |
-7.4% |
|
India |
60 |
58 |
67 |
-1.1% |
3.7% |
|
Rest of world |
54 |
56 |
62 |
1.0% |
2.5% |
|
World |
331 |
332 |
308 |
0.1% |
-1.8% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal exports (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia |
387 |
385 |
371 |
-0.1% |
-0.9% |
|
Canada |
34 |
35 |
33 |
0.9% |
-1.2% |
|
Colombia |
84 |
52 |
54 |
-14.8% |
1.1% |
|
Indonesia |
434 |
410 |
375 |
-1.9% |
-2.2% |
|
Russia |
210 |
207 |
212 |
-0.5% |
0.6% |
|
South Africa |
82 |
76 |
77 |
-2.4% |
0.3% |
|
United States |
105 |
59 |
55 |
-17.7% |
-1.7% |
|
Rest of world |
99 |
100 |
94 |
0.4% |
-1.5% |
|
World |
1 434 |
1 323 |
1 271 |
-2.6% |
-1.0% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Thermal coal and lignite exports (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia |
208 |
205 |
208 |
-0.4% |
0.4% |
|
Colombia |
82 |
49 |
52 |
-15.6% |
1.5% |
|
Indonesia |
429 |
404 |
370 |
-2.0% |
-2.2% |
|
Russia |
175 |
175 |
180 |
-0.2% |
0.8% |
|
South Africa |
81 |
75 |
76 |
-2.6% |
0.3% |
|
United States |
48 |
21 |
19 |
-24.7% |
-2.0% |
|
Rest of world |
59 |
63 |
58 |
2.7% |
-2.2% |
|
World |
1 081 |
991 |
963 |
-2.9% |
-0.7% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Met coal exports (Mt), 2018-2025
|
Region/country |
2018 |
2021 |
2025 |
CAAGR |
CAAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia |
179 |
180 |
163 |
0.2% |
-2.5% |
|
Canada |
33 |
33 |
31 |
0.1% |
-1.6% |
|
Mongolia |
27 |
29 |
28 |
2.4% |
-0.9% |
|
Mozambique |
7 |
4 |
4 |
-13.6% |
0.0% |
|
Russia |
35 |
32 |
32 |
-2.0% |
-0.4% |
|
United States |
57 |
38 |
36 |
-12.5% |
-1.5% |
|
Rest of world |
15 |
15 |
14 |
-0.6% |
-2.1% |
|
World |
352 |
332 |
308 |
-2.0% |
-1.9% |
Notes: Data for 2018 from IEA statistics; 2021 and 2025 are forecasts. Differences in totals are due to rounding.
Coal mining projects
|
Country |
Project |
Company |
Type |
Earliest proposed start-up |
Proposed full capacity (Mtpa) |
Resource |
Status |
|
Australia |
Airly Increase Production (Mod 3) |
Centennial Coal |
E |
2021+ |
1.2 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Alpha Coal Project |
GVK Hancock |
N |
.. |
27 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Alpha North Coal Project |
Waratah Coal |
N |
2030+ |
40 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Alpha West Coal Project |
GVK Hancock |
N |
.. |
24 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Angus Place Extension Project |
Centennial Coal |
E |
.. |
4 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Aquila project |
Anglo-American / Mitsui |
E |
2022 |
3.5 |
CC |
MA |
|
Australia |
Ashton South East opencut |
Yancoal Australia |
E |
2025+ |
2.4 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Baralaba South |
Cockatoo Coal |
E |
2022+ |
3.5 |
PCI |
LA |
|
Australia |
Belview |
Stanmore Coal |
N |
2023+ |
2.6 |
TC, CC, PCI |
LA |
|
Australia |
Broughton Coal Project |
U&D Mining Industry |
N |
.. |
3 |
CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Bulga (Mod 3 & Mod 7) |
Glencore |
E |
2030+ |
TC |
LA |
|
|
Australia |
Bundi |
MetroCoal |
N |
.. |
5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Byerwen Coal Project Stage 2 |
Qcoal/JFE Steel |
N |
2021 |
7 |
TC, CC |
MA |
|
Australia |
Bylong Coal Project |
Korean Electric Power Corporation |
N |
.. |
6.5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Cameby Downs |
Yancoal Australia |
E |
2020 |
0.7 |
TC |
MA |
|
Australia |
Carmichael Coal Project |
Adani |
N |
2021 |
10 |
TC |
MA |
|
Australia |
Carmichael Coal Project Stage 2 |
Adani |
E |
.. |
15 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
China Stone |
MacMines Austasia |
N |
.. |
38 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Clifford |
Stanmore Coal |
N |
.. |
5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Clyde Park Project |
Clyde Park Coal Pty Ltd |
N |
.. |
1.8 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Columboola Project |
SincoCoal And MetroMining |
N |
2023 |
5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Comet Ridge |
Springsure Creek Coal |
N |
2025+ |
0.4 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Cooroorah |
Bowen cokin coal |
N |
.. |
CC |
LA |
|
|
Australia |
Curragh Extension |
Coronado Global |
E |
2023 |
3 |
TC, CC |
MA |
|
Australia |
Dawson West |
Civil & Mining Resources |
N |
.. |
1.6 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Dendrobium Extension Project |
South32 |
E |
2025+ |
5.2 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Dysart East |
Bengal Energy |
N |
2023 |
1.9 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Eagle Downs |
South32 / Aquila Resources |
N |
2022 |
4.5 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Elimatta |
New Hope |
N |
2025+ |
5 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Galilee Coal Project |
Waratah Coal |
N |
.. |
40 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Grosvenor Phase 2 |
Anglo American |
E |
2025+ |
6 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Grosvenor West |
Qinghai Kingho Group |
N |
2025+ |
5 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Hillalong |
Shandong Energy Group |
N |
2025+ |
4.2 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Hume Coal Project |
Hume Coal (POSCO) |
N |
2023+ |
3 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Ironbark No. 1 (Ellensfield) |
Fitzroy Australia Resources |
N |
.. |
6 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Isaac Plains Complex - Isaac Downs Project |
Stanmore Coal |
N |
2024+ |
2 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Isaac Plains Complex - Underground extension |
Stanmore Coal |
E |
.. |
1.2 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Karin |
Vitrinite / Itochu Corporation |
N |
.. |
CC |
LA |
|
|
Australia |
Kevin's Corner |
GVK |
N |
.. |
30 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Liddell new mining area |
Glencore & Mitsui |
E |
2023 |
TC |
LA |
|
|
Australia |
Mandalong Southern Extension Project |
Centennial Coal |
E |
2022+ |
TC |
MA |
|
|
Australia |
Mangoola Coal Continued Operations Project |
Glencore |
E |
.. |
13.5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Maxwell Project |
Malabar Coal |
N |
2026+ |
5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Minyango |
Bounty Mining |
N |
2025+ |
3 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Moorlands |
Cuesta Coal |
N |
2022+ |
1.9 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Moranbah South |
Anglo American / Exxaro |
N |
2025+ |
18 |
CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Mount Owen (Glendell Mine) Continued Operations Project |
Glencore |
E |
2021 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
|
Australia |
Mt Pleasant Optimisation Project |
MACH Energy Australia |
E |
.. |
8.5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Narrabri Stage 3 |
Whitehaven Coal |
E |
2024+ |
TC |
LA |
|
|
Australia |
Neubeck Coal Project |
Centennial Coal |
N |
.. |
1.2 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
New Acland (Stage 3) |
New Hope |
E |
2021+ |
4.5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
New Lenton |
New Hope / MPC |
N |
2022+ |
1.5 |
TC, CC, PCI |
LA |
|
Australia |
Newstan Colliery Extension Project |
Centennial Coal |
E |
2024 |
1.6 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
North Surat - Collingwood Project |
New Hope Coal |
N |
2024+ |
4 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
North Surat - Taroom Project |
New Hope Coal |
N |
2024+ |
8 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
North Surat - Woori Project |
New Hope Coal |
N |
2024+ |
2.5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Olive Downs |
Pembroke Resources |
N |
.. |
10.5 |
CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Olive Downs Stage 1 |
Pembroke Resources |
N |
2022 |
4.5 |
CC |
MA |
|
Australia |
Red Hill Mine |
BHP Billiton / Mitsubishi Alliance |
N |
2024 |
14 |
CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Rolleston Expansion Project |
Glencore, Sumisho, IRCA |
E |
2024+ |
5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Saraji East |
BHP Billiton / Mitsubishi Alliance |
N |
2025 |
7 |
CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
South Galilee Coal Project |
Alpha Coal Pty Ltd and AMCI (Alpha) Pty Ltd |
N |
.. |
3 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Springsure Creek |
Adamelia Group |
N |
.. |
11 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Spur Hill |
Malabar Coal |
N |
2023 |
6 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Styx (Central Queensland Coal Project) |
Central Queensland Coal Pty Ltd |
N |
.. |
2 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Tahmoor South Coal Project |
SIMEC Group |
E |
2022 |
4 |
CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Talwood |
Aquila Resources |
N |
2025+ |
3.6 |
CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Taroborah |
Shenhua Energy |
N |
2020+ |
5.73 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Teresa |
United Mining Group |
N |
2023+ |
6.4 |
TC, PCI |
LA |
|
Australia |
The Range Project |
Stanmore Coal |
N |
2026+ |
5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Togara North |
Glencore |
N |
.. |
6 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
United-Wambo |
Glencore & Peabody |
E |
2020 |
6.5 |
TC, CC |
MA |
|
Australia |
Valeria Coal Project |
Glencore |
N |
20 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
|
Australia |
Vermont East/Willunga |
Pembroke Resources |
E |
2025+ |
4 |
TC, CC, PCI |
LA |
|
Australia |
Vickery Extension Project |
Whitehaven |
N |
2023 |
3.6 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Wallarah 2 Coal Project |
Korea Resources Corp |
N |
2022+ |
5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Walton |
Aquila Resources |
N |
2023+ |
1.6 |
PCI |
LA |
|
Australia |
Wandoan |
Glencore |
N |
2025+ |
22 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Wards Well |
BHP Billiton / Mitsubishi Alliance |
N |
2024 |
6 |
CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Washpool |
Aquila Resources |
N |
2026 |
2.6 |
CC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Watermark |
Shenhua Energy |
N |
2022+ |
10 |
TC |
LA |
|
Australia |
Wilton-Fairhill |
Futura Resources |
N |
2021 |
3 |
CC |
MA |
|
Australia |
Winchester South |
Whitehaven Coal |
N |
2025+ |
15 |
TC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Carbon Creek |
Cardero Coal |
N |
2022 |
4.1 |
CC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Central South |
Glencore |
E |
2023 |
1.5 |
CC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Chinook |
Montem |
N |
.. |
CC |
LA |
|
|
Canada |
Crown Mountain |
Jameson Resources |
N |
2020 |
1.7 |
CC |
MA |
|
Canada |
Echo Hill |
Hillsborough Resources |
N |
.. |
1 |
TC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Elko |
Pacific American Coal |
N |
.. |
CC |
LA |
|
|
Canada |
Gething |
Bathurst Resources |
N |
2024 |
2 |
CC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Grassy Mountain |
Riversdale Resources |
N |
2023 |
4.5 |
CC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Groundhog |
Atrum Coal |
N |
.. |
0.9 |
A |
LA |
|
Canada |
Murray River |
HD Mining |
N |
.. |
6 |
CC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Quintette |
Teck Resources |
N |
.. |
3.5 |
CC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Roman Mountain |
Anglo American |
N |
2022 |
2.1 |
CC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Sukunka |
Glencore |
N |
.. |
3 |
CC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Tenas |
Allegiance Coal / Itochu |
N |
2021 |
0.75 |
CC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Tent Mountain |
Montem |
E |
2022 |
1.1 |
TC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Vista Expansion |
Coalspur Mines |
E |
2021 |
7 |
TC |
LA |
|
Canada |
Wolverine-Hermann Amendment Project |
Conuma Coal Resources Ltd. |
N |
2021 |
9 |
CC |
LA |
|
Colombia |
Canaverales |
Yildirim Holding |
N |
2021 |
2.5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Colombia |
Papayal |
Yildirim Holding |
N |
2021 |
2.5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Colombia |
San Juan |
Yildirim Holding |
N |
2021 |
16 |
TC, PCI |
LA |
|
Indonesia |
Adaro MetCoal Companies (AMC) Concessions |
Adaro |
N |
.. |
CC |
LA |
|
|
Indonesia |
Bukit Enim Energi |
Adaro |
N |
.. |
TC |
LA |
|
|
Indonesia |
Bumi Barito Mineral |
Cokal |
N |
2020 |
2 |
CC, PCI |
MA |
|
Indonesia |
East Kutai Coal Project |
Churchill Mining / Ridlatama Group |
N |
.. |
30 |
TC |
LA |
|
Indonesia |
Graha Panca Karsa |
tekno |
N |
.. |
TC |
LA |
|
|
Indonesia |
Mitra Energi Agung |
Indika |
E |
2026 |
TC |
LA |
|
|
Indonesia |
Mustika Indah Permai |
Adaro |
N |
.. |
TC |
LA |
|
|
Indonesia |
Pakar North |
Kangaroo Resources |
N |
2020 |
16 |
TC |
LA |
|
Indonesia |
Tekno Orbit Persada |
MEC Coal |
N |
.. |
5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Mongolia |
Erdenebulag |
Aspire Mining |
N |
.. |
TC |
LA |
|
|
Mongolia |
Nuurstei |
Aspire Mining |
N |
2019 |
1 |
CC |
LA |
|
Mongolia |
Ovoot |
Aspire Mining |
N |
2021 |
10 |
CC |
LA |
|
Mongolia |
Shinejinst |
Gobi Coal and Energy |
N |
2021 |
3 |
CC |
MA |
|
Mongolia |
Tavan Tolgoi Extension |
Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi |
E |
2021 |
19 |
CC |
LA |
|
Mozambique |
Benga Extension |
ICVL |
E |
2021 |
15 |
CC |
LA |
|
Mozambique |
Minas Moatize |
Beacon Hill Resources |
E |
.. |
CC |
LA |
|
|
Mozambique |
Moatize |
Vale/Mitsui |
E |
2021 |
8 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Mozambique |
Ncondezi |
Ncondezi Energy |
N |
2021 |
1.5 |
TC |
LA |
|
Mozambique |
Revuboe |
Talbot Group, Nippon Steel and POSCO |
N |
.. |
6 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
Mozambique |
Zambeze |
ICVL |
N |
2023 |
12 |
CC |
LA |
|
Russia |
Amaam |
Tiger Realm Coal |
E |
2022 |
6.5 |
CC |
LA |
|
Russia |
Butovskaya (Stage 2) |
Industrial Metallurgical Holding |
E |
2021 |
0.8 |
CC |
MA |
|
Russia |
Chernogorsky |
SUEK |
E |
2022 |
3.5 |
TC |
MA |
|
Russia |
Denisovskaya East |
Kolmar |
E |
2021 |
4 |
CC |
MA |
|
Russia |
Elegest Expansion |
Tuva Energy Industry Corporation (TEPK) |
E |
.. |
10 |
CC |
LA |
|
Russia |
Elga |
Mechel |
E |
.. |
6.7 |
TC, CC |
MA |
|
Russia |
Inaglinsky-1 |
Kolmar |
E |
2021 |
4 |
CC |
MA |
|
Russia |
Inaglinsky-2 |
Kolmar |
E |
.. |
8 |
CC |
LA |
|
Russia |
Karakansky (Stage III) |
Karakan Invest |
E |
2019 |
3 |
TC |
LA |
|
Russia |
Pravoberezhny |
SUEK |
E |
2021 |
3 |
TC |
LA |
|
Russia |
Sibirskaya |
UglePromInvest |
N |
2021 |
6 |
TC |
LA |
|
Russia |
Tikhova Stage 2 |
Industrial Metallurgical Holding |
E |
2022 |
1.3 |
CC |
MA |
|
Russia |
Usinsky-3 |
NLMK |
N |
2021 |
2.7 |
CC |
LA |
|
Russia |
Zhernovski Gluboki |
NLMK |
N |
.. |
CC |
LA |
|
|
Russia |
Zhernovskoye-1 |
NLMK |
N |
2022 |
3.6 |
CC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Argent |
Glencore/Shanduka |
N |
.. |
1.2 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Birmingham underground project |
Canyon Coal |
N |
.. |
3.6 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Boikarabelo |
Resource Generation |
N |
2021 |
6 |
TC |
MA |
|
South Africa |
Boikarabelo Stage 2 |
Resource Generation |
E |
2025+ |
6 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
De Wittekrans |
Canyon Coal |
N |
2020 |
0.2 |
TC |
MA |
|
South Africa |
Driefonten |
Canyon Coal |
N |
.. |
0.6 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Grootegluk 6 Phase 2 |
Exxaro Resources |
N |
2020 |
1.7 |
CC |
MA |
|
South Africa |
Kangala life expansion |
Universal Coal |
E |
.. |
2.4 |
TC |
MA |
|
South Africa |
Klipspruit life extension project |
South32 |
E |
2021 |
TC |
MA |
|
|
South Africa |
Koornfontein OC |
Tegeta Mining and Resources |
E |
.. |
3.3 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Koppie |
Canyon Coal |
N |
.. |
1.8 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Mafube |
Exxaro/Anglo American |
E |
2019 |
3.1 |
TC |
MA |
|
South Africa |
Makhado Phase 1 |
MC Mining |
N |
2020 |
1.1 |
TC, CC |
MA |
|
South Africa |
Makhado Phase 2 |
MC Mining |
E |
2022 |
1.8 |
TC, CC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Moabsvelden |
Wescoal |
N |
2020 |
2.4 |
TC |
MA |
|
South Africa |
New Largo |
Seriti/Coalzar/IDC |
N |
.. |
12 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Optimum Coal Mine Expansion |
Tegeta Mining and Resources |
E |
.. |
12 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Palmietkuilen |
Canyon Coal |
N |
2020 |
2.4 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Springfield |
Canyon Coal |
N |
2021 |
7 |
TC |
LA |
|
South Africa |
Thabametsi |
Exxaro |
N |
2021 |
3.9 |
TC |
MA |
|
South Africa |
Witfontein |
Canyon Coal |
N |
2021 |
1.2 |
TC |
LA |
|
United States |
Berwind Expansion |
Ramaco Resources, Inc. |
E |
2020 |
0.8 |
CC |
MA |
|
United States |
Blue Creek No. 1 |
Warrior Met Coal |
E |
2023 |
4.3 |
CC |
LA |
|
United States |
Brook Mine |
Ramaco Carbon LCC |
N |
2021 |
0.25 |
TC |
LA |
|
United States |
Bulldog Mine |
Sunrise Coal |
N |
.. |
3 |
TC |
LA |
|
United States |
Cypress Mine |
Paringa Resources Ltd. |
N |
2021 |
3.8 |
TC |
LA |
|
United States |
Itmann |
Consol Energy |
N |
2021 |
0.6 |
CC |
MA |
|
United States |
Knox Creek |
Ramaco Resources, Inc. |
N |
2021 |
0.7 |
CC |
LA |
|
United States |
Leer South |
Arch Coal |
E |
2021 |
3 |
CC |
MA |
|
United States |
Longview |
North Central Ressources, LLC |
N |
2022 |
4 |
CC |
LA |
|
United States |
Lynn Branch mine |
Contura |
N |
2020 |
1.2 |
CC |
MA |
|
United States |
RAM Mine |
Ramaco Resources, Inc. |
N |
2022 |
0.5 |
CC |
LA |
Definitions
Coal
Coal is a solid, combustible fossil sedimentary rock. Coal comes from buried vegetation transformed by the action of high pressure and temperatures over millions of years.
Coal rank
The degree of transformation from the original plant source. It is loosely related to the age of the coal and is mainly determined from random reflectance of the vitrinite, one of coal’s organic components. The ranks of coal, in decreasing order of transformation from high to low, are: anthracite, bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite and peat. This report distinguishes between hard coal (anthracite, bituminous and sub-bituminous coal) and lignite, while peat is not considered.
Coal classification
Refers to a range of coal age, composition and other properties. Many classifications are used around the world with the main parameter as the coal rank supplemented by its intended use, i.e. thermal or metallurgical applications.
Coal quality
Represents a variety of properties exhibited by coal when it is used. Calorific value and impurity content are the main parameters defining the quality of thermal coal, whereas caking properties, resistance and impurity content are the distinguishing characteristics for coking coal.
Thermal (or steam) coal
Refers to hard coal used for purposes other than metallurgy in this report.
Coking coal
High-quality coal to produce coke used in blast furnaces to make pig iron. Coking coal and metallurgical coal are terms sometimes used interchangeably.
Semi-soft coal
High-quality steam coal mixed with coking coal to produce coke for blast furnaces.
Pulverised coal injection (PCI)
A high-quality steam coal injected into a blast furnace to reduce coke consumption.
Metallurgical coal
Refers to coking coal, semi-soft coal and pulverised coal Injection coal in this report. Although anthracite is often used for metallurgical purposes, it is classified as thermal coal in this report.
Run-of-mine coal
Raw coal as it is mined previous to any processing.
Tonne of coal equivalent (tce)
A unit of energy widely used in the international coal industry. It is defined as 7 million kilocalories (kcal). Therefore, the relationship between tce and physical tonnes depends on the net calorific value of the coal. One tonne of coal with a net calorific value of 7 000 kcal per kilogramme (kcal/kg) represents 1 tce.
Coal mining
A technique used to remove coal from a natural deposit. Coal deposits in the Earth’s crust occur at various depths and seam configurations, which determine the mining method used. Generally, deep deposits are mined underground and shallow deposits are opencast mines. The strip ratio largely determines whether an opencast mine is profitable or not.
Strip ratio
The overburden or waste material removedusually expressed as cubic metres per tonnes of coal extracted. High strip ratios make opencast mining unprofitable.
Opencast mining
A method in which the overburden is first drilled, then blasted and when the deposit is accessible, coal is removed in a similar way to the overburden. Power shovels, conveyor belts and trucks may be used to remove the coal as well as some extremely large machinery, such as draglines or bucket wheels. Opencast mining is usually less labour-intensive than underground mining, but has higher consumable costs, e.g. tyres, diesel and explosives. Generally, opencast methods imply greater environmental impact than underground mining.
Underground mining
A method in which access to coal seams is through underground shafts, galleries and tunnels. Although there are many ways to mine an underground deposit , coal is usually stripped by automatic shearers or continuous mechanical miners using either short/long walls or room-and-pillar exploitations. Underground mining is generally more labour-intensive and requires higher capital investments than opencast mining.
Coal washing/upgrading
A process in which impurities (i.e. ash, moisture) are partially removed from raw coal to produce a higher quality coal.
Regional groupings
Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo (Congo), Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania), Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and other African countries and territories.
Asia Pacific: Southeast Asia regional grouping and Australia, Bangladesh, the People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong (China), Chinese Taipei, India, Japan, Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), Mongolia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other Asian countries and territories.
Central and South America: Argentina, Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela), and other Central and South American countries and territories.
China: The People's Republic of China and Hong Kong.
Eurasia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation (Russia), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan
Europe: European Union regional grouping and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Gibraltar, Kosovo, Montenegro, Norway, Republic of North Macedonia, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Union (EU): Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
Middle East: Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic (Syria), the United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
North America: Canada, Mexico and United States.
Southeast Asia: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. These countries are all members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Abbreviations and acronyms
API Argus/McCloskey’s Coal Price Index
ARA Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp (price index)
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
BGR Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (Germany)
BSPI Bohai-Rim Steam Coal Price Index (China)
CCGT combined-cycle gas turbine
CCL Central Coalfields (India)
CFR cost and freight
CHP combined heat and power
CIF cost, insurance and freight
CIL Coal India Limited
CNR Colombian Natural Resources
CO2 carbon dioxide
CV calorific value
DMO domestic market obligation
dwt deadweight tonnage
EIA Energy Information Administration (United States)
EU European Union
EUA European Union Allowance
EU ETS European Union Emissions Trading System
FESCO FESCO Transportation Group (Russia)
FID final investment decision
FOB free on board
FY fiscal year
FYP Five-Year Plan (China)
GDP gross domestic product
HCC hard coking coal
HH Henry Hub
ICVL International Coal Ventures Private Limited
IEA International Energy Agency
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organisation
IPO initial public offering
JCC Japanese Crude Cocktail
KETS Korea Emissions Trading Scheme
LHV lower heating value
LNG liquefied natural gas
MDO mine developer operator
met metallurgical
METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)
MSTC MSTC Limited (India)
NEA National Energy Administration (China)
NCI National Coal Index (India)
NLC NLC India Limited
NSW New South Wales
NTPC NTPC Limited (India)
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PCI pulverised coal injection
PGG Polska Grupa Górnicza S.A.
POSOCO Power System Operation Corporation Limited (India)
PV photovoltaics
SCCL Singareni Collieries Company Limited (India)
SUEK Siberian Coal Energy Company
TTF Title Transfer Facility (Netherlands)
UHV ultra-high voltage
US United States
USC ultra-supercritical
y-o-y year-on-year
Currency codes
AUD Australian dollar
CNY Chinese yuan renminbi
COP Colombian peso
IDR Indonesian rupiah
RUB Russian ruble
USD United States dollar
ZAR South African rand
Units of measure
Bt billion tonnes
dwt deadweight tonnage
GW gigawatt
kcal kilocalorie
kg kilogramme
km kilometre
kt kilotonnes
Mt million tonnes
Mtpa million tonnes per annum
MW megawatt
t tonne
TWh terawatt hours
Acknowledgements, contributors and credits
This publication was prepared by the Gas, Coal and Power Markets Division (GCP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The analysis was led and co-ordinated by Carlos Fernández Alvarez, Senior Coal Analyst. Fabian Arnold, Samir Jeddi and Carlos Fernández Alvarez were the authors. Keisuke Sadamori, Director of the IEA Energy Markets and Security (EMS) Directorate, and Peter Fraser, Head of GCP, provided expert guidance and advice.
Other IEA colleagues provided important contributions including Yasmina Abdelilah, Heymi Bahar, Paulina Becerra Zavala, Alessandro Blasi, Joel Couse, Jean-Baptiste Dubreuil, Antonio Erias Rodríguez, Songho Jeon, Stefan Lorenczik, Akos Losz, Raimund Malischeck, Gergely Molnár, Sean O’Brien, Pawel Olejarnik, Siddarth Singh, Tomoko Uesawa and László Varró.
Special thanks go to the IEA China desk: Alan Searl, Rebecca McKimm and Xu Chengwu for their tireless research on China.
Timely and comprehensive data from the IEA Energy Data Centre were fundamental to the report. Laura Marí Martínez and Mathilde Daugy provided invaluable support.
The IEA Communication and Digital Office (CDO) provided production and launch support. Particular thanks to Jad Mouawad and the CDO team: Astrid Dumond, Tanya Dyhin, Merve Erdem, Christopher Gully, Jethro Mullen, Rob Stone and Therese Walsh.
Kristine Douaud and Debra Justus edited the report.
Our gratitude goes to the Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI) for sharing its breadth of coal expertise and modelling.
CRU provided invaluable data and information for this report. Special thanks go to Dmitry Popov for his advice and suggestions.
Our gratitude goes to the IEA Coal Industry Advisory Board (CIAB) for their support.
A number of international experts provided input and/or reviewed the draft report. Their suggestions and comments were very valuable. They include: Kevin Ball (Whiteheaven Coal); Paul Baruya (IEA Clean Coal Centre); Mick Buffier (Glencore); Howard Gatiss (CMC); Ayaka Jones (US Department of Energy); Liu Yunhui (Tsinghua University); Roland Lübke (German Coal Association); Lukazs Mazanek (Polska Grupa Górnicza); Liam McHugh (World Coal Association); Peter Morris (Minerals Council of Australia); Patricia Naulitua Lumban Gaol (Adaro Coaltrade Services International Pte Ltd); G Renjith (The Energy and Resources Institute in New Delhi); Brian Ricketts (Euracoal); Hans Wilhem Schiffer (RWE) and Akira Yabumoto (J-POWER).
The individuals and organisations that contributed to this report are not responsible for any opinion or judgement it contains. Any error or omission is the sole responsibility of the IEA.
For questions and comments, please contact Carlos Fernández Alvarez (Carlos.Fernandez@iea.org).