This report was prepared by the IEA’s Directorate of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks (STO). Simon Bennett (Energy Supply and Investment Outlook division) was the lead author, alongside Amalia Pizarro (Energy Technology Policy division). We are grateful to Nikita Patil, who carried out analytical research and provided significant contributions and to Jean-Baptiste Le Marois (Energy Technology Policy division) for his analytical support.

The report would not have been possible without the support from Tim Gould, Chief Energy Economist, and Timur Gül, Head of Division for Energy Technology Policy. The report is indebted to the high calibre of inputs, comments and feedback from colleagues within the IEA, including Nick Johnstone (Chief Statistician), Blandine Barreau, Lizé Clémence, Araceli Fernández Pales, Paolo Frankl, Vanessa Koh, Christophe McGlade, Luiz Gustavo Silva de Oliveira, Leonardo Paoli, Rebecca Schulz, Siddharth Singh, Michael Waldron and Per Anders Widell.

Many international experts provided input and reviewed preliminary drafts of the report. The information they provided as well as their comments and suggestions were of great value. They include (in alphabetical order):

Thanks also to the IEA Communications and Digital Office for their help in producing the report, particularly to Astrid Dumond, Jon Custer, Jethro Mullen, Isabelle Nonain-Semelin, Taline Shahinian, Therese Walsh and Wonjik Yang. Kristine Douaud edited the manuscript.

Comments and questions are welcome and should be addressed to:

Simon Bennett (simon.bennett@iea.org) and Amalia Pizarro (amalia.pizarro@iea.org).

The individuals and organisations that contributed to this study are not responsible for any opinions or judgements it contains. This publication reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat but does not necessarily reflect those of individual IEA member countries. The IEA makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, in respect of the publication’s contents (including its completeness or accuracy) and shall not be responsible for any use of, or reliance on, the publication. Unless otherwise indicated, all material presented in figures and tables is derived from IEA data an analysis.

This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

The preparation of this report was made possible through the Clean Energy Transitions in Emerging Economies programme, which received funding from the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 952363.