Transforming Industry through CCUS

About this report

Industry is the basis for prospering societies and central to economic development. As the source of almost one-quarter of CO2 emissions, it must also be a central part of the clean energy transition. Emissions from industry can be among the hardest to abate in the energy system due to process emissions that result from chemical or physical reactions and the need for high-temperature heat. A portfolio of technologies and approaches is needed to address the decarbonisation challenge while supporting sustainable and competitive industries. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) can play a critical role in this sustainable transformation. For some industrial and fuel transformation processes, CCUS is one of the most cost-effective solutions available for large-scale emissions reductions. In the IEA Clean Technology Scenario, which sets out a pathway consistent with the Paris Agreement climate ambition, CCUS contributes almost one-fifth of the emissions reductions needed across the industry sector. More than 28 GtCO2 is captured from industrial processes in the period to 2060, the majority of it from the cement, steel and chemical subsectors. A strengthened and tailored policy response will be needed to support the transformation of industry consistent with climate goals while preserving competitiveness. The development of CO2 transport and storage networks for industrial CCUS hubs can reduce unit costs through economies of scale and facilitate investment in CO2 capture facilities. Establishing markets for premium lower-carbon materials through public and private procurement can also accelerate the adoption of CCUS and other lower-carbon industrial processes.
Highlights

Industrial production must be transformed to meet global climate goals. Industry today accounts for one-quarter of CO2 emissions from energy and industrial processes and 40% of global energy demand. Demand for cement, steel and chemicals will remain strong to support a growing and increasingly urbanised global population. The future production of these materials must be more efficient and emit much less CO2 if climate goals are to be met. 

Emissions from cement, iron and steel, and chemical production are among the most challenging to abate. One-third of industry energy demand is for high-temperature heat, for which there are few mature alternatives to the direct use of fossil fuels. Process emissions, which result from chemical reactions and therefore cannot be avoided by switching to alternative fuels, account for one-quarter (almost 2 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide [GtCO2]) of industrial emissions. Industrial facilities are also long-lived assets, leading to potential “lock-in” of CO2 emissions.

Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is a critical part of the industrial technology portfolio. In the Clean Technology Scenario (CTS), which sets out an energy system pathway consistent with the Paris Agreement, more than 28 GtCO2 is captured from industrial facilities in the period to 2060. CCUS delivers 38% of the emissions reductions needed in the chemical subsector and 15% in both cement and iron and steel.

CCUS reduces the cost and complexity of industry sector transformation. CCUS is already a competitive decarbonisation solution for some industrial processes, such as ammonia production, which produce a relatively pure stream of CO2. Limiting CO2 storage deployment would require a shift to nascent technology options and result in a doubling of the marginal abatement cost for industry in 2060.

Developing CCUS hubs can support new investment opportunities. Investing in shared CO2 transport and storage infrastructure can reduce unit costs through economies of scale as well as enable – and attract – investment in CO2 capture for existing and new industrial facilities. The long timeframes associated with developing this infrastructure requires urgent action.

Establishing a market for premium lower-carbon materials can minimise competitiveness impacts. Public and private procurement for lower-carbon cement, steel and chemicals can accelerate the adoption of CCUS and other lower-carbon processes. The large size of contracts for these materials could help establish significant and sustainable markets worldwide.


Policy recommendations
  • Support the development and deployment of carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) in industry as part of a least-cost portfolio of technologies needed to achieve climate and energy goals.
  • Identify and prioritise competitive and lower-cost CCUS investment opportunities in industry to provide learnings and support infrastructure development.
  • Facilitate the development of CCUS “hubs” in industrial areas with shared transport and storage infrastructure to reduce costs for facilities incorporating carbon capture into production processes.
  • Implement policy frameworks that support significant emissions reductions across industrial facilities while addressing possible competitiveness impacts.
  • Establish a market for low-carbon materials, including steel and cement, through public and private procurement measures.


CCUS can support sustainable and competitive industry

Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies are expected to play a critical role in the sustainable transformation of the industry sector. Today, 16 large-scale CCUS applications at industrial facilities are capturing more than 30 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 emissions each year from fertiliser (ammonia), steel and hydrogen production, and from natural gas processing.

CCUS is one of the most cost-effective solutions available to reduce emissions from some industrial and fuel transformation processes – especially those that inherently produce a relatively pure stream of CO2, such as natural gas and coal-to-liquids processing, hydrogen production from fossil fuels and ammonia production. CCUS can be applied to these facilities at a cost as low as USD 15-25 (United States dollars) per tonne of CO2 in some cases, and provides an opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions by avoiding the current practice of venting CO2 to the atmosphere.

CCUS can also play a key role in reducing emissions from the hardest-to-abate industry subsectors, particularly cement, iron and steel, and chemicals. Alongside energy efficiency, electrification (including electrolytic hydrogen) and the increased direct use of renewable energy, CCUS is part of a portfolio of technologies and measures that can deliver deep emissions reductions at least cost in these subsectors.

In the International Energy Agency (IEA) Clean Technology Scenario (CTS), which maps out a pathway consistent with the Paris Agreement climate ambition, CCUS contributes almost one-fifth of the emissions reductions needed across the industry sector. More than 28 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (GtCO2) is captured from industrial processes by 2060, mostly from the cement, iron and steel and chemical subsectors (Figure 1). A further 31 GtCO2 is captured from fuel transformation, and 56 GtCO2 from the power sector.

CCUS significantly reduces cement, iron and steel and chemical emissions in the CTS

Figure 1. CCUS emissions reductions by subsector in the CTS, 2017-60


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Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved.

As ambition increases in the pursuit of net-zero energy system emissions, the role of CCUS becomes even more pronounced 1. Wider deployment of CCUS is especially important to decarbonise industry and support the generation of negative emissions through bioenergy with CCS (BECCS).

In recommending that the United Kingdom (UK) adopt a target of net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050, the UK Climate Change Committee recognised that “CCS is a necessity, not an option”, and noted that early action to meet international demand for low-carbon materials could give UK firms a competitive advantage 2. Furthermore, early development of CO2 transport and storage infrastructure could attract new industry investments while maintaining existing facilities in an increasingly climate constrained world.

Industry drives economic growth and development

Industry is the basis for prospering societies, central to economic development and the source of about one-quarter of global gross domestic product (GDP) and employment. The materials and goods produced by industrial sectors make up the buildings, infrastructure, equipment and goods that enable businesses and people to carry out their daily activities.

Increasing demand for cement, steel and plastics has historically coincided with economic and population growth. Since 1971, global demand for steel has increased by a factor of three, cement by nearly seven, primary aluminium by nearly six and plastics by over ten. At the same time, the global population has doubled and GDP has grown nearly fivefold (Figure 2).

Demand for industrial products is closely linked with GDP growth

Figure 2. Global trends in the production of major industrial products, GDP and population over the previous four decades


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Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved.

Global population expansion, increased urbanisation, and economic and social development will underpin continued strong demand for these key materials. Advanced economies currently use up to 20 times more plastic and 10 times more fertiliser per capita than developing economies 3, and global demand for cement is expected to increase 12-23% by 2050 4.

One-quarter of CO2 emissions are from industry

Industry is the second-largest source of CO2 emissions from energy and industrial processes (equal with transport) after the power sector (Figure 3). It accounted for nearly 40% of total final energy consumption and nearly one-quarter (8 GtCO2) of direct CO2 emissions in 2017. If indirect emissions (i.e. emissions resulting from industrial power and heat demand) are also taken into account, the sector is responsible for nearly 40% of CO2 emissions.

Steel and cement are the two highest-emitting industry subsectors. Together they accounted for 12% of total direct global CO2 emissions in 2017: 2.2 GtCO2 from cement and 2.1 GtCO2 from iron and steel. The chemical subsector was the third-largest emitter at 1.1 GtCO2.

Industry and transport are the second-largest sources of emissions behind the power sector

Figure 3. Direct CO2 emissions by sector, 2017


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Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved.

Mitigating industry emissions

Industry sector emissions are among the hardest to abate in the energy system, from both a technical and financial perspective.

Many industrial processes require high-temperature heat, which accounts for one third of the sector’s final energy consumption. Switching from fossil to alternative fuels for processes that require temperatures as high as 1 600 degrees Celsius (°C) is difficult and costly, necessitating facility modifications and electricity requirements that may be prohibitively expensive.

Almost one-quarter of industrial emissions are process emissions that result from chemical or physical reactions and therefore cannot be avoided by switching to alternative fuels. Process emissions are a particular feature of cement production, accounting for 65% of emissions, but they are also significant in iron and steel, aluminium and ammonia production (Figure 4).


Process emissions account for about two-thirds of cement and one-quarter of total industrial emissions

Figure 4. Process emissions from selected industry subsectors


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Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved.

Industrial facilities are long-lived assets – of up to 50 years – and these assets have the potential to “lock in” emissions for decades. The global production capacity of both clinker (the main component of cement) and steel has doubled since 2000, suggesting that at least half of the current production capacity is less than 20 years old. The World Energy Outlook 2018 analysis shows that emissions from existing industrial infrastructure alone could account for some 25% of the carbon emissions allowable in a pathway compatible with the Paris Agreement until 2040 (Figure 5). The lock-in effect from the industry sector lasts longer than those from power generation, transport and building sectors.

Industrial infrastructure already in place and currently being built will lock in one-quarter of the CO2 emissions allowable in a pathway consistent with the Paris Agreement

Figure 5. Lock-in of current infrastructure


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Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved.

Beyond the technical challenges for industry decarbonisation, highly competitive, low-margin commodity markets for key industrial products can provide limited room for facilities to invest in innovation or low-carbon production routes where this increases costs. Except for cement, products are traded globally and are price-takers in international markets; companies that increase production costs by adopting low-carbon processes and technologies will therefore be at an economic disadvantage. This is especially the case where there is no carbon price or CO2 emissions are not regulated.

Industry emissions could derail climate goals

A trajectory following current trends for emissions reductions in the industry sector falls far short of the cuts needed to address the climate change challenge. Without substantial action soon, the share of emissions from industry will rise significantly and would absorb 45% of the cumulative CO2 emissions allowable in the CTS to 2060. By 2060, industry sector emissions would be greater than total annual emissions in the CTS, which keeps CO2 emissions within a pathway consistent with the Paris Agreement (Figure 6).

Without large-scale deployment of new technologies such as CCUS, industry emissions in the Reference Technology Scenario (RTS) exceed total emissions in the CTS by 2060

Figure 6. Industry emissions pathway in the RTS compared with overall CTS emissions


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Source: IEA 2109. All rights reserved. Notes: The Reference Technology Scenario (RTS) includes current country commitments to limit emissions and improve energy efficiency, including Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

CCUS central to industry decarbonisation portfolio

A portfolio of technologies is deployed in the CTS to reduce emissions from the cement, iron and steel, and chemical subsectors. CCUS is the third most-important lever for emissions reductions in these subsectors, contributing a cumulative 27% (21 GtCO2) of emissions reductions by 2060 relative to the RTS (Figure 7).

CCUS contributes 27% of the cumulative emissions reductions from the RTS to the CTS

Figure 7. Emissions reductions for key industry subsectors (cement, iron and steel, chemicals) by mitigation strategy, CTS compared with RTS, 2017-60


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Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Notes: The Reference Technology Scenario (RTS) includes current country commitments to limit emissions and improve energy efficiency, including Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

The quantity of CO2 captured with CCUS and its relative contribution to abatement varies for each industry subsector (Figure 8).

Cement: CCUS contributes 18% to emissions reductions between 2017 and 2060, capturing 5 GtCO2 by 2060.

Iron and steel: While the relative contribution of CCUS to emissions reductions is slightly lower in the iron and steel subsector (15%), cumulative capture of 10 GtCO2 by 2060 is nearly double that for cement.

Chemicals: CCUS is the most important contributor to chemical sector decarbonisation, accounting for 38% of overall emissions reductions. CO2 capture in chemicals is also the highest (14 GtCO2) owing to several production processes that yield relatively pure streams of CO2 that are relatively inexpensive to capture.


CCUS is the third-largest decarbonisation mechanism in the iron and steel subsector under the CTS, accounting for 15% of emissions reductions, and the most important lever in chemical production

Figure 8. Global cumulative direct CO2 emissions reductions in cement, iron and steel, and chemicals in the CTS, 2017-60


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Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Notes: BAT = best available technology.

CO2 management

The need for deep emissions reductions in the CTS results in large volumes of CO2 being captured from industrial production and transported for use or storage (Figure 9). The chemicals subsector already has significant CO2 capture today, with more than 0.1 GtCO2 annually captured from ammonia production for use as a raw material in fertiliser manufacture. In the CTS, CO2 capture from chemical production would triple to nearly 0.5 GtCO2 by 2060, with most of the additional CO2 permanently stored. Iron and steel sees significant implementation of CCUS by 2030, with deployment accelerating after 2030 as CCUS becomes an increasingly competitive and important decarbonisation option for the sector.

In the cement sector, implementation of strong material efficiency measures in the CTS leads to a 5% reduction in global cement demand in 2030 compared to RTS levels, which contributes to relatively slow CCUS uptake over the coming decade. However, a rapid increase in CO2 capture levels occurs from 2030, to reach 0.4 GtCO2 by 2060. This future scale-up in the cement sector is dependent on significant investment in CO2 capture demonstration projects and infrastructure development prior to 2030.

Effective management of large volumes of CO2 from industrial production will require planning and development of CO2 transport and storage infrastructure in the near term. These investments can have lead-times of several years, particularly for pipelines and for greenfield CO2 storage sites, and could become a limiting factor for CCUS uptake without timely action.

There is a significant ramp up in CO2 capture in industry to 2060, reaching nearly 1.3 GtCO2 captured across cement, iron and steel, and chemical production in the CTS

Figure 9. CO2 capture in cement, iron and steel and chemical subsectors in the RTS and CTS, today through 2060


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Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved.

CCUS cuts cost and complexity

The importance and value of CCUS to the industry sector is revealed in IEA scenario analysis that considers the implications of a failure to develop CO2 storage at scale (the Limited CO2 Storage scenario variant, or LCS). In the LCS, CO2 storage availability across the whole energy system is assumed to be restricted to 10 GtCO2 in the period to 2060, compared with 107 GtCO2 of storage in the CTS 5.

For industry, limiting the availability of CCUS as a mitigation option would require a shift to alternative strategies and novel technologies that often are at an earlier stage of development and in some cases have yet to be tested at scale. In the cement sector in particular, the paucity of alternatives to address emissions means that it would not be able to reduce its emissions at the scale of the CTS, even though it would secure almost half of the available CO2 storage capacity that is assumed to be available in LCS.

In the LCS, the limited availability of CO2 storage would result in a doubling of the marginal CO2 abatement cost by 2060 relative to the CTS where CCUS is widely available.

References
  1. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2017), Energy Technology Perspectives 2017, IEA, Paris.

  2. CCC (Committee on Climate Change) (2019), Net Zero: The UK’s Contribution to Stopping Global Warming, CCC, London.

  3. IEA (2018a), The Future of Petrochemicals, IEA, Paris.

  4. IEA (2018b), Technology Roadmap: Low-Carbon Transition in the Cement Industry, IEA, Paris.

  5. IEA (forthcoming), Exploring Clean Energy Pathways: The Role of CO2 Storage, IEA, Paris.