Public energy RD&D budgets by country for IEA members and the European union

Notes

The amounts shown are based on 2018 energy RD&D budgets, with the exceptions of Poland, Finland, Belgium, Spain, Estonia and New Zealand based on 2017 data; Czech Republic based on 2016 data. No recent data were available for Greece, Luxembourg and Portugal. Data for the United States have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. European Union refers to the European Union budget under Horizon 2020, and not to the sum of national budgets of European Union member countries.