Global crude steel production by process route and scenario, 2019-2050

Notes

STEPS = Stated Policies Scenario, SDS = Sustainable Development Scenario. Commercial BF-BOF includes traditional coal-, gas- and charcoal-based blast furnaces, with and without top-pressure recovery turbines, without CCUS. Innovative BF-BOF with CCUS includes blast furnaces with process gas hydrogen enrichment and CO2 removal for use and storage (e.g. as being developed by the COURSE50, IGAR and 3D projects), including CCUS retrofits to existing blast furnaces and those newly installed over the coming decade. Commercial SR-BOF refers to smelting reduction without CCUS (COREX and FINEX). Innovative SR-BOF with CCUS includes application of CCUS to existing smelting reduction concepts (COREX and FINEX) and novel smelting reduction concepts with CCUS (e.g. as being developed by the HIsarna project). Commercial DRI-EAF includes gas- and coal-based DRI without CCUS, including that with a proportion of blended electrolytic hydrogen; in some regions (particularly the United States), this route has a high ratio of scrap to DRI inputs. Commercial DRI-EAF with CCUS includes gas- and coal-based DRI with CCUS. 100% H2 DRI-EAF comprises fully electrolytic hydrogen-based DRI (e.g. as being developed by the HYBRIT project and ArcelorMittal in Hamburg). Scrap-based EF refers to electric arc furnaces and induction furnaces fed mostly by scrap, with India and China being exceptions, both having substantial iron charges to their induction furnaces.