GHG emissions intensity for lithium by resource type and processing route

Sources

IEA analysis based on Roskill (2020), S&P Global (2021) and Vulcan Energy (2020) (lithium).

Notes

LCE = lithium carbonate-equivalent. Includes both Scope 1 and 2 emissions from mining and processing (primary production). For lithium hydroxide, the value of brine is based on Chilean operations and the value for hardrock is based on a product that is mined in Australia and refined in China.