Estimated levelised demand for selected minerals in electrolysers and fuel cells today, log scale

Sources

Bareiß et al.(2019); Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (2018); James et al. (2018); Kiemel et al. (2021); Koj et al. (2017); Lundberg (2019); NEDO (2008); Smolinka et al. (2018); US Department of Energy (2014; 2015).

Notes

PEM = proton exchange membrane; SOEC = solid oxide electrolysis cells; SOFC = solid oxide fuel cell. Normalisation by output accounts for varying efficiencies of different electrolysis technologies. Full load hours of electrolysers assumed to be 5 000 hours per year.