Demand for battery-related minerals from clean energy technologies in 2040 relative to 2020 under different scenarios and technology evolution trends

Last updated 5 May 2021

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Notes

Al = aluminium; ASSB = all-solid-state batteries; CdTe = cadmium telluride; DC = direct current; GaAs = gallium arsenide; Ni = nickel; REE = rare earth elements; Si = silicon; VFB = vanadium redox flow batteries.

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