Concentration of the largest manufacturers in global manufacturing capacity and material production, 2021

Notes

DAC = direct air capture. BECC = bioenergy with carbon capture. gas-CCS H2 = natural gas-based hydrogen with carbon capture and storage. Synthetic HC fuels refers to low-emission synthetic hydrocarbon fuel production. “Electrolysers” includes proton exchange membrane, alkaline, and solid oxide electrolysers. Manufacturing capacity refers to maximum manufacturing capacity in the case of bulk materials (i.e. steel, cement, aluminium) and mass-manufactured technologies (i.e. EV batteries, fuel cell trucks, hydrogen electrolysers, solar PV equipment, wind systems and heat pumps) and installed production capacity in the case of customised technologies (i.e. DAC, BECC, synthesis and natural gas-CCS H2).