Battery lifecycle emissions by chemistry in the Announced Pledges Scenario, 2023-2035

Sources

IEA analysis based on the Global Energy and Climate Model, IFP, GREET, EV Volumes, Dai et al., Degen et al., Frith et al..

Notes

LFP = lithium iron phosphate; NMC811 = lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide. AM = active material, including both cathode and anode (graphite). Battery manufacturing refers to cell and pack manufacturing. End-of-life options other than recycling are excluded from the analysis, and emissions associated with the transport of materials (which are expected to be low) are not considered. ‘Others’ refers to emissions associated with other battery pack components like electronics and coolant. See annex B for full assumptions.