Average GHG emissions intensity for production of selected commodities

Sources

IEA (2020a) and Rio Tinto (2020) (steel); Nuss and Eckelman (2014) (zinc); data received from Skarn Associates (copper and nickel); Roskill (2020) and S&P Global (2021) (lithium); IEA (2020a) and Tost et al. (2018) (aluminium); Argonne National Laboratory (2019) (cobalt); Marx et al. (2018) (neodymium).

Notes

Includes both Scope 1 and 2 emissions of all GHGs (the majority of which are CO2) from primary production. The values for lithium carbonate refer only to CO2 emissions based on the weight average of brine and hard-rock production (denoted on a lithium carbonate-equivalent basis).